Which are most needed in fighter and supersonic aircraft, the name of turbofan engines is left behind. In order to meet this need of these specific aircraft, the name of jet engines comes to the fore, which are generally used in fighter aircraft to meet the speed reduction. 

With a few changes, this engine is also a part of the gas turbine engine family and to generate intense thrust, with a few important changes, they resort to gas exhaust while going through the above steps. To meet the speed and desired thrust, air is introduced into the compressor without any obstruction. This process, along with generating abundant thrust, also causes a loud sound in the form of gaseous emissions.

"Here we will tell you to increase your knowledge that a jet engine usually completes 166 phase cycles in one second to produce constant thrust." Today, these turbojet engines are seen in fighter jets like F-104, Mirage III and MiG-21.

So, This was the mention of these jet engines, some of which work silently and very fast, and some also produce noise with intense thrust, but there is also an engine of the same family, which despite being a jet engine, has the ability to fly low with the use of a fan to produce thrust. 

Yes, We are talking about the turboprop engine, which is used only for low-speed flight. This engine of the jet engine family is generally used only in a few military aircraft, such as Lockheed C-130 Hercules and P-3 Orion, etc.

This engine, like other engines, produces thrust by going through various practical steps, which starts with the air entering through the front part of the engine. From here, it is transferred to the compressor area. This part consists of blades. The purpose of these blades is to increase the pressure as well as the temperature of the incoming air so that it can be used to burn fuel. 

Later, this hot air is transferred to the combustion chamber where fuel is added to this hot and compressed air through nozzles. Here, a park plug is used to start this process and thus, combustion begins in this part of the engine, which causes the turbine blades to rotate. But wait, does this process complete here? 

It is not like this,  As we have already told you, this engine takes the help of external blades to produce thrust. Here, the speed of the turbine rotating inside the engine is at least twenty thousand revolution per second, which is faster than any propeller. Therefore, here the speed is transferred from one thousand to two thousand per second using a gearbox to reduce the speed of the blades.

In the end, we would just like to say that today the status of the engine installed in the aircraft is much more than a mechanical system, perhaps equal to the human heart, which is sometimes convinced to work with silence and intense noise, whose change is being seen as the first priority for aircraft today, whether it is on the battlefield or traveling miles. Today, due to the reduction in environmental pollution, these engines are being further improved and made environmentally friendly, thanks to which these engines are seen playing an important role in making the travel of aircraft better and easier for passengers in the coming times.

What do you think about this? 

Do let us know your valuable opinion in the comment box, Thank you

Written by Syed Murtaza Hassan

Often, when we see airplanes flying, we think that perhaps the flight of these airplanes is almost entirely supported by their wings, and to some extent this thought is also justified, one of the reasons for which is the similarity of the design of these airplanes to a bird. 

But is it all that simple? Can an airplane travel miles in the air like a bird? What kind of power is there that helps these airplanes fly with such heavy cargo? Sometimes many such questions confuse human minds.

We give importance to the wings as a basic component in an airplane, and to some extent it is also true that it is impossible to travel by plane without wings, despite all these benefits. 

The real life of these flying machines is found not in their wings, but in the engines attached to them, which are like a heart in these machines?

Every small and large aircraft flying today is equipped with various types of modern engines that enable them to fly in different conditions. One of these engines is the turbofan engine.

This is a modern type of jet engine. These engines are usually connected in the number of two to four in passenger aircraft, one of the main and major reasons for which is the ability to produce more thrust with less fuel consumption. 

These modern engines generally consist of a gas turbine and a large duct fan, the main purpose of which is to increase the temperature of the air by increasing the pressure in the air so that the gas circulating in the engine can be made explosive.

But this process that takes place in the aircraft engine is as simple as it seems to read. Like other engines, this engine also goes through different stages one by one in each cycle to produce the best thrust. 

It starts with the air entering the engine through the front part of the engine, from where it is immediately transferred to the compressor, where intense pressure is created in the air. 

The change in the temperature of this air increases significantly. In the next stage, this high-pressure and high-temperature air is delivered to the combustion chamber where fuel is sprayed into this air through various nozzles. Here, the help of spark plugs is taken to burn the fuel without any obstruction, due to which a controlled combustion is produced which causes the turbine to rotate. 

But wait, this process is not complete here. These burning gases are transferred to the exhaust area through various nozzles where they are discharged into the outside air at a speed of 600 meters per second, acting on Newton's third law of motion, and cause the engine to push forward.

Here, we are adding to the information of our esteemed customers and let us tell you that this process of exhausting gases depends on the nature of the aircraft's use and weight.

According to a conservative estimate, a turbofan engine completes 170 to 330 cycles per second to continue this process of generating thrust, and thus a turbofan engine makes a large and heavy aircraft like flying. Today, these engines are commonly used in large commercial aircraft like the Boeing 777 and Boeing 787.

But did you know? When it comes to weight reduction, speed increase and innovation, The technology become different. (CONTINUE...)

Written by Syed Murtaza Hassan

Today, in wars between different countries, fighter jets have the status of changing the map of war on the battlefield, which, along with spying on the air borders of the opponents at very high speed, often easily target their targets. During the recent Indo-Pak war in the South Asian region, many such videos were kept under observation in which the modern fighter jets flying not only forced the general audience to applaud the pilots but also highlighted the names of several aircraft manufacturing companies.

But the question arises whether the pilots sitting in the cockpit are the only ones behind these expert maneuvers of these flying aircraft or is there an equal role in modern design and technology?

From the perspective of an expert engineer or pilot, the answer would be this: "It is a combination of the latest technology and the skill of a pilot who, under the electric strategy, uses the thrust vectoring, aerodynamic and propulsion technology present in these modern fighter jets to produce excellent results."

In general, the maneuverability of any aircraft depends almost entirely on aerodynamic control surfaces such as ailerons, elevators, and rudders, which play a key role in changing the direction, pitch, and yaw of any aircraft with the help of airflow. However, these surfaces have their limitations, Especially at high angles of attack or low airspeeds where the airflow becomes turbulent or separated. But in modern fighter jets, another advanced technique plays all the roles, called thrust vectoring in engineering optimization, which aims to allow these aircraft to perform difficult maneuvers, land and take off vertically, and achieve excellent control of the aircraft at low speeds.

This process of thrust vectoring is as simple as it sounds, but it is also as difficult as it sounds. Here, instead of the outer part of the engine, this process takes place in the inner core of the engine, where the thrust vector force is redirected and transferred at different angles so that the fighter aircraft can be pitched, yawed and rolled easily and quickly. In some jet engines, this process is facilitated with the help of nozzles, in which different types of nozzles are used, such as two-dimensional nozzles, which aim to move the aircraft quickly up and down, and three-dimensional nozzles, which aim to move the aircraft in different directions -

But this modern process is not limited to engine thrust and nozzles. In current fighter aircraft, to simplify this complex process, it is connected to hydraulic, electrical and digital control systems. 

This system works exactly according to the commands given by the pilot, and the flyby With the help of wire technology, the thrust vector is better controlled at the exact point where the engine speed requires extraordinary attention, a major reason for which is the intense temperature of the gases emitted from the engine. According to a conservative estimate, this temperature is up to 1500 degrees Celsius during normal flight, which can prove harmful to both mechanical and electrical systems if uncontrolled.

So sir, till now we have known what is thrust vectoring and how does it work better than the main components in modern fighter jets?

Let's know what are its advantages and disadvantages. As we all know, all modern fighter jets have a few objectives, keeping in mind which fighter jets like SU-35, F-15, F-22 Raptor and JF-17 have a prominent place, one of the main reasons for this is the modern technology like thrust vectoring present in them, which not only gives them an edge over other fighter jets in various air dogfights, but also improves the take-off and landing performance of these aircraft by reducing the required length of the runway. In addition, due to thrust vectoring, stability also increases during low-speed flight.

However, while this thrust vector system has many important advantages, it also has some disadvantages. The most important disadvantage is that during the war, due to the use of fuel, there is a huge increase in consumption and a sudden increase in temperature, which can make it an easy target for infrared weapons. In addition, due to this system, the aircraft also faces problems such as an increase in weight and an increase in price.

Finally, it would not be wrong to say that despite all the complexities, thrust vectoring in modern fighter aircraft today is a modern aerodynamic technology and provides special assistance in moving quickly and trying out maneuvers during the war, provided that the pilot is also skilled in flying modern aircraft. 

Please let us know your valuable opinions about this, Thank you.

Written by Syed Murtaza Hassan

Today, despite many concerns and immense fears in the mind of man, he tries to choose modern air travel to cover long distances, one of the main reasons being that the journey is quick, calm and safe. Perhaps this is the reason why, according to a certain number, 83 percent of the world's people consider air travel safe.

But despite all these surveys, the question arises here, is it really so? and the same question arises in many human minds whenever an air accident occurs.

Which is sometimes linked to climate changes, technical malfunctions and serious mistakes made by pilots by investigative agencies, one of the few important reasons that has been under scrutiny today is the cause of many accidents since the beginning of air travel.

"Here we would like to inform our respected readers that in the event of any air accident, the first thing that is searched for by the investigation agencies is the black box, which is usually a light orange or red box that stores information related to the flight and the conversations in the cockpit and helps the investigation team in reaching an important conclusion."

As we all know that every machine has a heart and today it would not be wrong to say this. Now the machine also has its own brain, which has been designed to obey human commands. An important part found in an aircraft, the heart of a jet engine is found in its compressor.

COMPRESSOR BLADES

Here, the purpose of this compressor is to create pressure in the air entering the engine before it enters the combustion chamber so that the explosions in the engine can be made more effective and capable of performing the task.

Sometimes, due to some important reasons, this compressor not only affects the ability of the engine to work during flight, but also causes fatal accidents. In technical terms, this is called compressor stall and surge dynamics.

COMPRESSOR SURGE AND STALL CONDITION

Here, in aircraft engineering, stall refers to the condition where there is a sudden decrease in the altitude of the aircraft during flight and conditions such as a severe decrease in air pressure or pressure loss in the engine compressor are called surge.

The stall process in the compressor blades in a jet engine begins when the external air flow or flow demand decreases or increases rapidly due to weather changes, bird strikes, snow accumulation, and any obstruction, and thus a difference is created between the compressor in the engine and the speed, due to which not only severe explosions are heard in the engine, but often in the absence of immediate action, it can cause a fatal accident.

If the stall process in the engine continues as it is, the surge process begins, the stall process can spread in a circle around the annulus.

"The annulus is the space between the rotating rotor and the outer surface of the engine."

During the process, the surge not only causes a change in direction due to the rapidly changing air flow, but also many other conditions are encountered, such as loud explosive sounds, flames coming out of the engine, and a rapid increase in shaft rotation, etc.

All these conditions, in addition to affecting the performance of the engine, have a profound effect on other mechanical parts of the engine, due to which there is a risk of aerodynamic instability.

However, considering all these risks and conditions, today all these complexities have been overcome to a great extent thanks to science, experimental research, computational fluid dynamics and modern control systems, in which the use of full authority of digital engine control systems is common, which not only controls the air pressure ratio, shaft speed and temperature during flight, but also changes the fuel supply, vane angles from time to time so that the compressor can perform its work better and safely.

FADEC

An important feature of the new design being developed for aircraft engines is the use of valves in the compressor blades in the engine, which temporarily remove air from the compressor during the initial stages of the engine or during high speed. This method not only reduces unnecessary air pressure from the engine but also helps in bringing the engine to a stable state in the event of any complications.

In modern passenger aircraft like Boeing and Airbus in use today, thanks to modern research and the tireless work of expert engineers, complications like compressor stall and surge and their resulting accidents have become almost impossible. But this draws our attention to the fact that no matter how powerful the machine, a slight carelessness or a defect in aerodynamics can cause a major accident. Thank you.

Written by Syed Murtaza Hassan

If seen from a distance, a wind turbine, where the giant rotating fan usually looks like an ordinary fan structure, in fact, the practical engineering in it makes it one of the most environmentally friendly inventions in history. Its long stature, which is generally not seen in more than three numbers, whose main purpose is to convert the power of the slow and strong winds blowing on this planet into electrical power so that a clean and sustainable electricity can be obtained. But everyone knows all this today. 

"It is important for us to understand how it is possible to obtain sustainable electricity from a wind-powered turbine and what are the factors behind it?"

It is worth mentioning that every wind turbine consists of wings, commonly known as blades. These blades are specially designed using aerodynamic techniques and composite materials are used in their manufacture to keep the weight of the blades as light as possible. 

These blades can move even due to light air pressure. When the air flows over the surface of these blades, a certain difference in pressure is created between the upper and lower surfaces, which lifts the wings upwards and thus the process of rotation of the blades of the wind turbine begins. The central part of these blades is connected to a central part of the rotor, which we clearly see in the vast plains and in the turbines installed at sea level.

This is enough about the front part of the wind turbine, which is not only quite attractive but also interesting. Now we talk about the rear part of the turbine, which is called the nacelle. This part is of particular importance technically. This place, which looks a little long and rectangular from a distance, can accommodate two to four workers working simultaneously in special situations. This part is connected to the blades through a shaft. 

NACELLE

Generally, if seen and understood, without any technique, this shaft is often capable of rotating at fifty to sixty revolutions per minute (RPM) under the influence of wind, which is insufficient to obtain sustainable electricity. Therefore, to make up for this deficiency and make the rotation of the shaft efficient, it is connected to a gearbox, thanks to which the rotational speed of the shaft increases by one hundred and fifty times per minute and enables the rotation of the shaft to generate electricity.

GEARBOX

But this process is not complete here. Here, after the gearbox, comes the turn of a generator. The inverting unit, which aims to convert the mechanical energy of a rotating shaft into electrical energy, consists of magnetic induction. 

As soon as the inverting process is completed, the electrical energy is stored in the power grid or batteries without wasting time through the electrical wires in the wind turbine tower. However, this process of transferring the generated electricity is not that easy. Before transferring the electricity, it is passed through a number of transformers, the purpose of which is to smooth out the uneven charge flowing in the electrical wires.

But the question arises here, is it all that easy and simple? 

This is not known because to maintain the same production process of the wind turbine, it is connected to a special monitoring and control system. This system not only sets the turbine at different angles according to the wind flow, but also has the ability to shut down as a safety measure in the event of a dangerous increase in the same flow. 

Here, another technical system performs the most important task, rotating the nacelle completely and rotating the blades in the direction of the wind so that the rotational flow of the blades can be maintained. This technical system is called the yaw mechanism.

Here, other important systems are also performing their responsibilities within the nacelle to ensure the power generation characteristics of the turbine, such as the cooling unit, which aims to keep the continuously working generator and gearbox at the appropriate temperature so as to prevent any working parts from failing, sensors, whose main purpose is to make this power generation process smooth and safe, and the brake system, as we have mentioned in our same article, the main purpose of this system is to completely stop the turbine in any emergency situation.

The most surprising thing here that makes this process extraordinary is the zero use of any fuel during this entire process. Perhaps this is the reason why today this environmentally friendly machine developed by man is being installed on a large scale from the surface of the earth to the surface of the sea, the main purpose of which is to make the process of electricity production environmentally friendly. 

Today, the rapidly changing world of environmental pollution is forcing man to move towards environmentally friendly inventions like wind turbines instead of traditional harmful methods for a better and healthier future. Thank you. 

Written by Syed Murtaza Hassan